350 AD : The Kutai Martadipura phase in East Kalimantan produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia.
450 AD : Several stone inscriptions were created in West Java. Among other the Tugu inscription announce decrees of Purnavarman, the king of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest Hindu kingdom in Java.
664 AD : A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.
686 AD : Srivijaya launch naval invasion against Java, mentioned in Kota Kapur Inscription. Probably contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.
700 AD : The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes. Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India. Sojomerto inscription possibly dated around late 7th century discovered in Batang Regency, Central Java, mentioned about Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of Shailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in old Malay suggested Srivijayan link to this family.
718 AD : Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.
752 AD : The Hindu Mataram kingdom flourishes.
760 AD : The construction of Borobudur temple started.
800 AD : The agriculturally based Buddhist Shailendra dynasty rules Sumatra and Java.
825 AD : Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.
856 AD : Prambanan is completed. According to Shivagrha inscription Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
860 AD : Balaputra the Maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription.
907 AD : Sumbing volcano erupted, according to Rukam inscription. King Balitung created Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moved the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expanded Prambanan temple.
914 AD : The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.
928 AD : During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram in Mamratipura was devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
929 AD : Mpu Sindok moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Mamratipura in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and established Isyana Dynasty. The shift was probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.
937 AD : Mpu Sindok moved the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
980s AD : Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas.
990 AD : King Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
1019 AD : Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.
1025 AD : Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Cholamandala in South India, conquered Pannai and Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.
1030 AD : Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda.
1041 AD : Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicated in favour of his successors.
1104 AD : King Jayawarsa of Kadiri ascends to the throne.
1115 AD : King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and united under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king and become the inspiration of Panji cycle, the tales that spreads across Southeast Asia.
1130 AD : King Jayabaya of Kadiri ascends to the throne.
1222 AD : Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
1257 AD : Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom of Ternate in Maluku.
1275 AD : King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra.
1284 AD : King Kertanegara launched Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
1289 AD : Kertanegara insult the envoy of Kublai Khan that demand Java to pay the tribute to Yuan Dynasty.
1292 AD : Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom. Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.
1293 AD : Mongol invasion of Java, Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. The Mongol forces were repelled. The coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as the monarch of Majapahit kingdom, marked the foundation of Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
1300 AD : Islam is thought to have become established in the Aceh region.
1309 AD : King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.
1318 AD : an Italian Franciscan friar, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described Majapahit kingdom.
1328 AD : Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
1334 AD : Hayam Wuruk, son of Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi was born. Mount Kelud in East Java erupted. Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath.
1347 AD : Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.
1350 AD : Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'. Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
1355 AD : Kingdom of Negara Dipa was established in South Kalimantan by Empu Jatmika.
1357 AD : In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. This event led to the death of Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide.
1365 AD : The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written.
1377 AD : Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.
1389 AD : Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.
1405 AD : Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406)
1405–1407 AD : The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri. (to 1433)
1478 AD : Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.
1500 AD : Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion. Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.
1509 AD : The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira, Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape. The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.
1511 AD : Afonso de Albuquerque after sailing from Portuguese Goa conquers the Sultanate of Malacca with a force of 1200 and seventeen or eighteen ships.
1512 AD : The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca to search for the 'Spice Islands' (Maluku) led by Francisco Serrão. Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu (northern Ambon) and wins the favour of the local rulers.
1520 AD : The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca. Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Dayak on the west Sumatran coast, and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
1520 AD : The establishment of Banjar Sultanate in South Kalimantan with Sultan Suriansyah as the first king.
1521 AD : Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves.
1522 AD : The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate and begin construction of a fort. Luso Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa.
1535 AD : The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.
1546 AD : Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)
1559 AD : Sultan Khairun of Ternate protesting the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese.
1562 AD : Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population.
1569 AD : Peace treaty was signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portuguese.
1570 AD : Sultan Hairun of Ternate is killed by the Portuguese. The reign of Sultan Baabullah.
1575 AD : Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese.
1578 AD : The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.
1579 AD : The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.
1583 AD : Death of Sultan Baabullah of Ternate.
1595 AD : First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.
1602 AD : The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies. British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.
1603 AD : First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java.
1604 AD : A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices.
1610 AD : The VOC establishes the post of Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia.
1611 AD : The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade. The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
1619 AD : Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, storms the Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes of Jayakarta, establishes Batavia as the VOC headquarters.
1628 AD : Sultan Agung of Mataram launched a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
1629 AD : Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to take Portuguese Malacca.
1700 AD : With the decline of the spice trade, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.
1704 AD : First Javanese War of Succession.
1712 AD : The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam.
1717 AD : Surabaya rebels against the VOC.
1719 AD : Second Javanese War of Succession.
1735 AD : Governor-General Dirk van Cloon dies, one of many victims of disease in Batavia.
1740 AD : A massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion. Approximately ten thousand are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.
1769 AD : French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772)
1770 AD : Captain James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his round the world voyage.
1778 AD : Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was established by a group of Dutch intellectuals. This institution is the pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of National Museum of Indonesia.
1795 AD : The Batavian Republic, a client state of the French First Republic, and successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was proclaimed. The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and nationalised by the Batavian Republic.
1806 AD : The Batavian Republic is dissolved and the Kingdom of Holland is created, a puppet kingdom set up by Napoléon Bonaparte.
1808 AD : Herman Willem Daendels the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, During the French interum (1806–1811) begins the construction of Java Great Post Road.[62] against a Anglo-Dutch invasion.
1811 AD : British invasion of Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Stamford Raffles was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Java.
1815 AD : Mount Tambora in Sumbawa island erupted, it was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history that wiped Tambora culture and killed at least 71,000 people in total (including the aftermath). The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".
1883 AD : Mount Krakatoa in Sunda Strait erupted, killed 36,417 people.
1904 AD : Van Heutz becomes Governor General. Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia.
1908 AD : Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement.
1912 AD : Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party. First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens. The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta.
1914 AD : World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war.
1917 AD : East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war.
1919 AD : Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people.
1920 AD: Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn.
1926 AD : Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization.
1930 AD : Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.
1941 AD : Netherlands declares war on Japan.
1942 AD : Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. The Japanese troops invade Java.
1945 AD : Sukarno's Pancasila speech. Draft of constitution for the Republic completed. Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. Japanese surrender to Allied powers. "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta (August 17).
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